GSCNc F#D:\Cyb3.0\llevar\pry-J.16-BETA1.gbx%*JThe Kushan Empire (c. 1st- 3rd centuries) was a state that at its height, about 105 - 250, stretched from Tajikistan to the Caspian Sea to Afghanistan and down into the Ganges river valley. The empire was created by Tocharians from modern Xinjiang, China. They had diplomatic contacts with Rome, Sassanian Persia and China, and for several centuries were at the center of exchange between the East and the West. More info here : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KushanDThe regularity and richness of the annual Nile River flood, coupled with semi-isolation provided by deserts to the east and west, allowed for the development of one of the world's great civilizations. A unified kingdom was founded circa 3200 BC by King Narmer, and a series of dynasties ruled in Egypt for the next three millennia. The last native dynasty, known as the Thirtieth Dynasty, fell to the Persians in 343 BC. More info here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_EgyptjlThe Parthian Empire was the dominating force on the Iranian plateau beginning in the late 3rd century BCE, and intermittently controlled Mesopotamia between ca 190 BCE and 224 CE. Parthia was the arch-enemy of the Roman Empire in the East and it limited Rome's expansion beyond Cappadocia (central Anatolia). More info here : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ParthiaThe Hittites were an ancient people who spoke Hittite, an Indo-European language, and established a kingdom centered in Hattusa in north-central Anatolia from the 18th century BC. In the 14th century BC, the Hittite empire was at its height, encompassing central Anatolia, north-western Syria as far as Ugarit, and upper Mesopotamia. After 1180 BC, the empire disintegrated into several independent "Neo-Hittite" city-states, some of which survived until as late as the 8th century BC. More info here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HittiteslThe earliest mention of Babylon is in a dated tablet of the reign of Sargon of Akkad (24th century BC short chr.), who made it the capital of his empire. Over the years its power and population waned. For centuries it was just another provincial town, until it became the capital of Hammurabi's empire (18th century BC) From this time onward it continued to be the capital of Babylonia. More info here : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon%The Mauryan Empire was India's first great unified empire. It lasted from 321 to 185 BCE, and was ruled by the Mauryan dynasty. At its height it ruled virtually all of northern and central India and even parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan. More info here : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MauryaThe first record of the Persians comes from an Assyrian inscription from c. 844 BC that calls them the Parsu (Parsuash, Parsumash) and mentions them in the region of Lake Urmia alongside another group, the Madai (Medes). For the next two centuries, the Persians and Medes were at times tributary to the Assyrians. The region of Parsuash was annexed by Sargon of Assyria around 719 BC. Eventually the Medes came to rule an independent Median Empire, and the Persians were subject to them. The Achaemenids were the first to create a centralized state in Persia, founded by Achaemenes (Hakhamanish), chieftain of the Persians around 700 BC. More info here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PersiaThe shores of Greece's Aegean Sea saw the emergence of the first civilizations in Europe, namely the Minoan and the Mycenaen. Plato has described how the Greeks live round the Aegean Archipelago "like frogs around a pond"; their name has always been associated with the sea. After the internal struggle between Spartans and Athenians, all parts of Greece were united under the rule of Alexander the Great and aimed at the defeat of the 'eastern threat' of the Persians. Alexander led the Greeks to a victorious campaign which established a Greek Empire and introduced a new era in world history, the Hellenistic. More info here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Greece]The first literary reference to the Celtic people, as keltoi is by the Greek historian Hecataeus in 517 BC. He locates the Keltoi tribe in Rhenania (West/Southwest Germany). According to Greek mythology, Celtus was the son of Heracles and Keltine, the daughter of Bretannus. Celtus became the primogenitor of Celts [2]. In Latin Celta, in turn from Herodotus' word for the Gauls, Keltoi. The Romans used Celtae to refer to continental Gauls, but apparently not to Insular Celts, which were divided into Goidhels and Britons, and possibly other peoples. More info here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CeltsgCrete was occupied down to the 15th century BCE by people who did not speak Greek, for evidence of their written language (Linear A) survives, and though it has not been deciphered, it is not Greek. Tablets inscribed in Linear A have been found in numerous sites in Crete, and a few in the Aegean islands. The Cretans (we call them Minoans) established themselves in many islands besides Crete: secure identifications of Minoan off-island sites include Kea, Kythera, Milos, Rhodes, and above all, Thera (Santorini), the site about which most is known. More info here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_CreteThe History of Rome spans 2,800 years of the existence of a city that grew from a small Italian village in the 9th century BC into the center of a vast civilization that dominated the Mediterranean region for centuries, but was eventually overrun by Germanic tribes, marking the beginning of the Middle Ages, and that eventually became the seat of the Roman Catholic Church and the home of a sovereign state within its walls, Vatican City. More info here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_RomeTartessos (also Tartessus) was a harbor city on the south coast of the Iberian peninsula (in modern Andalusia, Spain), at the mouth of the Guadalquivir river. Tartessos dates at least from 1000 BC, about the time when the Phoenicians made contact with the existing city. The Tartessians were traders, who may have discovered the route to the Tin Islands (Britain, or more specifically Cornwall) or the tin may have been found in alluvial ores carried down by their own river. The people from Tartessos became important trading partners of the Phoenicians, who nearby built a harbor of their own, Gades (current-day Cdiz). Ancient Greek texts refer to a legendary king of Tartessos, Arganthonios, known for his wealth in silver and minerals. More info here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartessos The Dravidian Race is the name sometimes still given to the peoples of southern and central India and northern Sri Lanka who speak Dravidian languages, the best known of which are Telugu and Tamil. More info here : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languagesThe Indus Valley Civilization, 2800 BC1800 BC, was an ancient civilization thriving along the Indus River and the Ghaggar-Hakra river in what is now Pakistan. The Indus Valley Civilization is also sometimes referred to as the Harappa or Harappan Civilization of the Indus Valley, in reference to its first excavated city of Harappa. More info here : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_Valley_CivilizationOriginally a settlement of Phoenician colonists, Carthage grew into a vast economic power throughout the Mediterranean, accumulating wealth and influence through its economic prowess. Carthage was a contemporary superpower with the Roman Republic of the 2nd and 3rd Century BC, and was its rival for dominance of the western Mediterranean. Eventually this rivalry led to a series of wars known as the Punic Wars, in which a series of losses led to a decline in Carthage's political and economic strength, mostly due to the harsh penalties imposed on Carthage by Rome as conditions of the cessation of hostilites. The third and final Punic war ended with the complete destruction of the city of Carthage. More info here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CarthageBSaba is a kingdom mentioned in the Old Testament and in the Qur'an; the actual location of the nation is still unknown, however. The nation makes its appearance in the form of the Queen of Sheba, who visits King Solomon. According to some traditions she either wed or had an affair with Solomon, eventually returning home with their child. The location of Sheba has thus become closely linked with national prestige as various royal houses have claimed descent from Sheba and Solomon. More info here : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ShebaCAR-PARCEL-INDEGY-KUSHAT-DRAHEL-PERIBE-BABMIN-MAUROM-SABG5'WPJD8AD0 Arial@wi.o5Fl/Rf 7 n U } = t][ Y ^P  D>^ ! 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